Audio Transcription

TanStack AI provides support for audio transcription (speech-to-text) through dedicated transcription adapters. This guide covers how to convert spoken audio into text using OpenAI's Whisper and GPT-4o transcription models.

Overview

Audio transcription is handled by transcription adapters that follow the same tree-shakeable architecture as other adapters in TanStack AI.

Currently supported:

OpenAI: Whisper-1, GPT-4o-transcribe, GPT-4o-mini-transcribe

Basic Usage

OpenAI Transcription

typescript

import { generateTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

// Create a transcription adapter (uses OPENAI_API_KEY from environment)
const adapter = openaiTranscription()

// Transcribe audio from a file
const audioFile = new File([audioBuffer], 'audio.mp3', { type: 'audio/mpeg' })

const result = await generateTranscription({
  adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
  audio: audioFile,
  language: 'en',
})

console.log(result.text) // The transcribed text

import { generateTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

// Create a transcription adapter (uses OPENAI_API_KEY from environment)
const adapter = openaiTranscription()

// Transcribe audio from a file
const audioFile = new File([audioBuffer], 'audio.mp3', { type: 'audio/mpeg' })

const result = await generateTranscription({
  adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
  audio: audioFile,
  language: 'en',
})

console.log(result.text) // The transcribed text

Using Base64 Audio

typescript

import { readFile } from 'fs/promises'

// Read audio file as base64
const audioBuffer = await readFile('recording.mp3')
const base64Audio = audioBuffer.toString('base64')

const result = await generateTranscription({
  adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
  audio: base64Audio,
})

console.log(result.text)

import { readFile } from 'fs/promises'

// Read audio file as base64
const audioBuffer = await readFile('recording.mp3')
const base64Audio = audioBuffer.toString('base64')

const result = await generateTranscription({
  adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
  audio: base64Audio,
})

console.log(result.text)

Using Data URLs

typescript

const dataUrl = `data:audio/mpeg;base64,${base64AudioData}`

const result = await generateTranscription({
  adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
  audio: dataUrl,
})

const dataUrl = `data:audio/mpeg;base64,${base64AudioData}`

const result = await generateTranscription({
  adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
  audio: dataUrl,
})

Options

Common Options

Option	Type	Description
audio	File \| string	Audio data (File object or base64 string) - required
language	string	Language code (e.g., "en", "es", "fr")

Supported Languages

Whisper supports many languages. Common codes include:

Code	Language
en	English
es	Spanish
fr	French
de	German
it	Italian
pt	Portuguese
ja	Japanese
ko	Korean
zh	Chinese
ru	Russian

Tip: Providing the correct language code improves accuracy and reduces latency.

Model Options

OpenAI Model Options

typescript

const result = await generateTranscription({
  adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
  audio: audioFile,
  modelOptions: {
    response_format: 'verbose_json', // Get detailed output with timestamps
    temperature: 0, // Lower = more deterministic
    prompt: 'Technical terms: API, SDK, CLI', // Guide transcription
  },
})

const result = await generateTranscription({
  adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
  audio: audioFile,
  modelOptions: {
    response_format: 'verbose_json', // Get detailed output with timestamps
    temperature: 0, // Lower = more deterministic
    prompt: 'Technical terms: API, SDK, CLI', // Guide transcription
  },
})

Option	Type	Description
response_format	string	Output format: "json", "text", "srt", "verbose_json", "vtt"
temperature	number	Sampling temperature (0 to 1)
prompt	string	Optional text to guide transcription style
include	string[]	Timestamp granularity: ["word"], ["segment"], or both

Response Formats

Format	Description
json	Simple JSON with text
text	Plain text only
srt	SubRip subtitle format
verbose_json	Detailed JSON with timestamps and segments
vtt	WebVTT subtitle format

Response Format

The transcription result includes:

typescript

interface TranscriptionResult {
  id: string           // Unique identifier
  model: string        // Model used
  text: string         // Full transcribed text
  language?: string    // Detected/specified language
  duration?: number    // Audio duration in seconds
  segments?: Array<{   // Timestamped segments
    start: number      // Start time in seconds
    end: number        // End time in seconds
    text: string       // Segment text
    words?: Array<{    // Word-level timestamps
      word: string
      start: number
      end: number
      confidence?: number
    }>
  }>
}

interface TranscriptionResult {
  id: string           // Unique identifier
  model: string        // Model used
  text: string         // Full transcribed text
  language?: string    // Detected/specified language
  duration?: number    // Audio duration in seconds
  segments?: Array<{   // Timestamped segments
    start: number      // Start time in seconds
    end: number        // End time in seconds
    text: string       // Segment text
    words?: Array<{    // Word-level timestamps
      word: string
      start: number
      end: number
      confidence?: number
    }>
  }>
}

Complete Example

typescript

import { generateTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'
import { readFile } from 'fs/promises'

async function transcribeAudio(filepath: string) {
  const adapter = openaiTranscription()
  
  // Read the audio file
  const audioBuffer = await readFile(filepath)
  const audioFile = new File(
    [audioBuffer], 
    filepath.split('/').pop()!, 
    { type: 'audio/mpeg' }
  )

  // Transcribe with detailed output
  const result = await generateTranscription({
    adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
    audio: audioFile,
    language: 'en',
    modelOptions: {
      response_format: 'verbose_json',
      include: ['segment', 'word'],
    },
  })

  console.log('Full text:', result.text)
  console.log('Duration:', result.duration, 'seconds')
  
  // Print segments with timestamps
  if (result.segments) {
    for (const segment of result.segments) {
      console.log(`[${segment.start.toFixed(2)}s - ${segment.end.toFixed(2)}s]: ${segment.text}`)
    }
  }

  return result
}

// Usage
await transcribeAudio('./meeting-recording.mp3')

import { generateTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'
import { readFile } from 'fs/promises'

async function transcribeAudio(filepath: string) {
  const adapter = openaiTranscription()
  
  // Read the audio file
  const audioBuffer = await readFile(filepath)
  const audioFile = new File(
    [audioBuffer], 
    filepath.split('/').pop()!, 
    { type: 'audio/mpeg' }
  )

  // Transcribe with detailed output
  const result = await generateTranscription({
    adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
    audio: audioFile,
    language: 'en',
    modelOptions: {
      response_format: 'verbose_json',
      include: ['segment', 'word'],
    },
  })

  console.log('Full text:', result.text)
  console.log('Duration:', result.duration, 'seconds')
  
  // Print segments with timestamps
  if (result.segments) {
    for (const segment of result.segments) {
      console.log(`[${segment.start.toFixed(2)}s - ${segment.end.toFixed(2)}s]: ${segment.text}`)
    }
  }

  return result
}

// Usage
await transcribeAudio('./meeting-recording.mp3')

Model Availability

OpenAI Models

Model	Description	Use Case
whisper-1	Whisper large-v2	General transcription
gpt-4o-transcribe	GPT-4o-based transcription	Higher accuracy
gpt-4o-transcribe-diarize	With speaker diarization	Multi-speaker audio
gpt-4o-mini-transcribe	Faster, lighter model	Cost-effective

Supported Audio Formats

OpenAI supports these audio formats:

mp3 - MPEG Audio Layer 3
mp4 - MPEG-4 Audio
mpeg - MPEG Audio
mpga - MPEG Audio
m4a - MPEG-4 Audio
wav - Waveform Audio
webm - WebM Audio
flac - Free Lossless Audio Codec
ogg - Ogg Vorbis

Note: Maximum file size is 25 MB.

Browser Usage

Recording and Transcribing

typescript

async function recordAndTranscribe() {
  // Request microphone access
  const stream = await navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({ audio: true })
  const mediaRecorder = new MediaRecorder(stream)
  const chunks: Blob[] = []

  mediaRecorder.ondataavailable = (e) => chunks.push(e.data)
  
  mediaRecorder.onstop = async () => {
    const audioBlob = new Blob(chunks, { type: 'audio/webm' })
    const audioFile = new File([audioBlob], 'recording.webm', { type: 'audio/webm' })
    
    // Send to your API endpoint for transcription
    const formData = new FormData()
    formData.append('audio', audioFile)
    
    const response = await fetch('/api/transcribe', {
      method: 'POST',
      body: formData,
    })
    
    const result = await response.json()
    console.log('Transcription:', result.text)
  }

  // Start recording
  mediaRecorder.start()
  
  // Stop after 10 seconds
  setTimeout(() => mediaRecorder.stop(), 10000)
}

async function recordAndTranscribe() {
  // Request microphone access
  const stream = await navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({ audio: true })
  const mediaRecorder = new MediaRecorder(stream)
  const chunks: Blob[] = []

  mediaRecorder.ondataavailable = (e) => chunks.push(e.data)
  
  mediaRecorder.onstop = async () => {
    const audioBlob = new Blob(chunks, { type: 'audio/webm' })
    const audioFile = new File([audioBlob], 'recording.webm', { type: 'audio/webm' })
    
    // Send to your API endpoint for transcription
    const formData = new FormData()
    formData.append('audio', audioFile)
    
    const response = await fetch('/api/transcribe', {
      method: 'POST',
      body: formData,
    })
    
    const result = await response.json()
    console.log('Transcription:', result.text)
  }

  // Start recording
  mediaRecorder.start()
  
  // Stop after 10 seconds
  setTimeout(() => mediaRecorder.stop(), 10000)
}

Server API Endpoint

typescript

// api/transcribe.ts
import { generateTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const formData = await request.formData()
  const audioFile = formData.get('audio') as File

  const result = await generateTranscription({
    adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
    audio: audioFile,
  })

  return Response.json(result)
}

// api/transcribe.ts
import { generateTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const formData = await request.formData()
  const audioFile = formData.get('audio') as File

  const result = await generateTranscription({
    adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
    audio: audioFile,
  })

  return Response.json(result)
}

Full-Stack Usage

TanStack AI provides React hooks and server-side streaming helpers to build full-stack audio transcription with minimal boilerplate.

Streaming Mode (Server Route + Client Hook)

Server — Create an API route that wraps generateTranscription as a streaming response:

typescript

// routes/api/transcribe.ts
import {
  generateTranscription,
  toServerSentEventsResponse,
} from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'
import { createFileRoute } from '@tanstack/react-router'

export const Route = createFileRoute('/api/transcribe')({
  server: {
    handlers: {
      POST: async ({ request }) => {
        const body = await request.json()
        const { audio, language, model } = body.data

        const stream = generateTranscription({
          adapter: openaiTranscription(model ?? 'whisper-1'),
          audio,
          language,
          stream: true,
        })

        return toServerSentEventsResponse(stream)
      },
    },
  },
})

// routes/api/transcribe.ts
import {
  generateTranscription,
  toServerSentEventsResponse,
} from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'
import { createFileRoute } from '@tanstack/react-router'

export const Route = createFileRoute('/api/transcribe')({
  server: {
    handlers: {
      POST: async ({ request }) => {
        const body = await request.json()
        const { audio, language, model } = body.data

        const stream = generateTranscription({
          adapter: openaiTranscription(model ?? 'whisper-1'),
          audio,
          language,
          stream: true,
        })

        return toServerSentEventsResponse(stream)
      },
    },
  },
})

Note: For browser-recorded audio, you'll typically send the audio as a base64 string in the JSON body. For file uploads, use a FormData-based endpoint instead (see Browser Usage above).

Client — Use the useTranscription hook with a connection adapter:

tsx

import { useTranscription, fetchServerSentEvents } from '@tanstack/ai-react'

function AudioTranscriber() {
  const { generate, result, isLoading, error } = useTranscription({
    connection: fetchServerSentEvents('/api/transcribe'),
  })

  const handleFileUpload = async (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
    const file = e.target.files?.[0]
    if (!file) return

    // Convert to base64 for JSON transport
    const buffer = await file.arrayBuffer()
    const base64 = btoa(
      new Uint8Array(buffer).reduce((s, b) => s + String.fromCharCode(b), ''),
    )
    const dataUrl = `data:${file.type};base64,${base64}`

    await generate({ audio: dataUrl, language: 'en' })
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <input type="file" accept="audio/*" onChange={handleFileUpload} />
      {isLoading && <p>Transcribing...</p>}
      {error && <p>Error: {error.message}</p>}
      {result && (
        <div>
          <p>{result.text}</p>
          {result.duration && <p>Duration: {result.duration}s</p>}
        </div>
      )}
    </div>
  )
}

import { useTranscription, fetchServerSentEvents } from '@tanstack/ai-react'

function AudioTranscriber() {
  const { generate, result, isLoading, error } = useTranscription({
    connection: fetchServerSentEvents('/api/transcribe'),
  })

  const handleFileUpload = async (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
    const file = e.target.files?.[0]
    if (!file) return

    // Convert to base64 for JSON transport
    const buffer = await file.arrayBuffer()
    const base64 = btoa(
      new Uint8Array(buffer).reduce((s, b) => s + String.fromCharCode(b), ''),
    )
    const dataUrl = `data:${file.type};base64,${base64}`

    await generate({ audio: dataUrl, language: 'en' })
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <input type="file" accept="audio/*" onChange={handleFileUpload} />
      {isLoading && <p>Transcribing...</p>}
      {error && <p>Error: {error.message}</p>}
      {result && (
        <div>
          <p>{result.text}</p>
          {result.duration && <p>Duration: {result.duration}s</p>}
        </div>
      )}
    </div>
  )
}

Direct Mode (Server Function + Fetcher)

For non-streaming usage with TanStack Start server functions:

typescript

// lib/server-functions.ts
import { createServerFn } from '@tanstack/react-start'
import { generateTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

export const transcribeFn = createServerFn({ method: 'POST' })
  .inputValidator((data: { audio: string; language?: string }) => data)
  .handler(async ({ data }) => {
    return generateTranscription({
      adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
      audio: data.audio,
      language: data.language,
    })
  })

// lib/server-functions.ts
import { createServerFn } from '@tanstack/react-start'
import { generateTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

export const transcribeFn = createServerFn({ method: 'POST' })
  .inputValidator((data: { audio: string; language?: string }) => data)
  .handler(async ({ data }) => {
    return generateTranscription({
      adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
      audio: data.audio,
      language: data.language,
    })
  })

tsx

import { useTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-react'
import { transcribeFn } from '../lib/server-functions'

function AudioTranscriber() {
  const { generate, result, isLoading } = useTranscription({
    fetcher: (input) => transcribeFn({ data: input }),
  })
  // ... same UI as above
}

import { useTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-react'
import { transcribeFn } from '../lib/server-functions'

function AudioTranscriber() {
  const { generate, result, isLoading } = useTranscription({
    fetcher: (input) => transcribeFn({ data: input }),
  })
  // ... same UI as above
}

Server Function Streaming (Fetcher + Response)

For TanStack Start server functions that stream results. The fetcher receives type-safe input and returns an SSE Response — the client parses it automatically:

typescript

// lib/server-functions.ts
import { createServerFn } from '@tanstack/react-start'
import { generateTranscription, toServerSentEventsResponse } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

export const transcribeStreamFn = createServerFn({ method: 'POST' })
  .inputValidator((data: { audio: string; language?: string }) => data)
  .handler(({ data }) => {
    return toServerSentEventsResponse(
      generateTranscription({
        adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
        audio: data.audio,
        language: data.language,
        stream: true,
      }),
    )
  })

// lib/server-functions.ts
import { createServerFn } from '@tanstack/react-start'
import { generateTranscription, toServerSentEventsResponse } from '@tanstack/ai'
import { openaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

export const transcribeStreamFn = createServerFn({ method: 'POST' })
  .inputValidator((data: { audio: string; language?: string }) => data)
  .handler(({ data }) => {
    return toServerSentEventsResponse(
      generateTranscription({
        adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
        audio: data.audio,
        language: data.language,
        stream: true,
      }),
    )
  })

tsx

import { useTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-react'
import { transcribeStreamFn } from '../lib/server-functions'

function AudioTranscriber() {
  const { generate, result, isLoading } = useTranscription({
    fetcher: (input) => transcribeStreamFn({
      data: { ...input, audio: input.audio as string },
    }),
  })
  // ... same UI as above
}

import { useTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-react'
import { transcribeStreamFn } from '../lib/server-functions'

function AudioTranscriber() {
  const { generate, result, isLoading } = useTranscription({
    fetcher: (input) => transcribeStreamFn({
      data: { ...input, audio: input.audio as string },
    }),
  })
  // ... same UI as above
}

Hook API

The useTranscription hook accepts:

Option	Type	Description
connection	ConnectionAdapter	Streaming transport (SSE, HTTP stream, custom)
fetcher	(input) => Promise<TranscriptionResult \| Response>	Direct async function, or server function returning an SSE Response
onResult	(result) => void	Callback when transcription completes
onError	(error) => void	Callback on error
onProgress	(progress, message?) => void	Progress updates (0-100)

And returns:

Property	Type	Description
generate	(input: TranscriptionGenerateInput) => Promise<void>	Trigger transcription
result	TranscriptionResult \| null	The result with text and segments, or null
isLoading	boolean	Whether transcription is in progress
error	Error \| undefined	Current error, if any
status	GenerationClientState	'idle' \| 'generating' \| 'success' \| 'error'
stop	() => void	Abort the current transcription
reset	() => void	Clear result, error, and return to idle

Error Handling

typescript

try {
  const result = await generateTranscription({
    adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
    audio: audioFile,
  })
} catch (error) {
  if (error.message.includes('Invalid file format')) {
    console.error('Unsupported audio format')
  } else if (error.message.includes('File too large')) {
    console.error('Audio file exceeds 25 MB limit')
  } else if (error.message.includes('Audio file is too short')) {
    console.error('Audio must be at least 0.1 seconds')
  } else {
    console.error('Transcription error:', error.message)
  }
}

try {
  const result = await generateTranscription({
    adapter: openaiTranscription('whisper-1'),
    audio: audioFile,
  })
} catch (error) {
  if (error.message.includes('Invalid file format')) {
    console.error('Unsupported audio format')
  } else if (error.message.includes('File too large')) {
    console.error('Audio file exceeds 25 MB limit')
  } else if (error.message.includes('Audio file is too short')) {
    console.error('Audio must be at least 0.1 seconds')
  } else {
    console.error('Transcription error:', error.message)
  }
}

Environment Variables

The transcription adapter uses:

OPENAI_API_KEY: Your OpenAI API key

Explicit API Keys

typescript

import { createOpenaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

const adapter = createOpenaiTranscription('your-openai-api-key')

import { createOpenaiTranscription } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'

const adapter = createOpenaiTranscription('your-openai-api-key')

Best Practices

Audio Quality: Better audio quality leads to more accurate transcriptions. Reduce background noise when possible.
Language Specification: Always specify the language if known—this improves accuracy and speed.
File Size: Keep audio files under 25 MB. For longer recordings, split into chunks.
Format Selection: MP3 offers a good balance of quality and size. Use WAV or FLAC for highest quality.
Prompting: Use the prompt option to provide context or expected vocabulary (e.g., technical terms, names).
Timestamps: Request verbose_json format and enable include: ['word', 'segment'] when you need timing information for captions or synchronization.